Eating and Health Module (ATUS)

Overview

Individual decisions about how to use the 24 hours in each day have short- and long-term implications for income and earnings, health, and other aspects of well-being. Understanding time-use patterns can provide insight into economic behaviors associated with eating patterns, as well as the diet and health status of individuals. Knowing more about eating patterns, grocery shopping, and meal preparation—as well as understanding whether participants in food and nutrition assistance programs face different time constraints than nonparticipants—can inform the design of food and nutrition assistance policies and programs.

Background

The U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics’ (BLS) American Time Use Survey (ATUS) provides nationally representative estimates of how, where, and with whom individuals spend their time. ATUS measures the amount of time people spend doing various activities, such as paid work, childcare, volunteering, and socializing. The data files include information collected from nearly 245,000 interviews, conducted from 2003 to 2023.

USDA’s Economic Research Service (ERS) worked with BLS and the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (Census Bureau) to create the Eating and Health Module (EHM) as a supplement to the ATUS. The EHM was first fielded in 2006–2008, again in 2014–2016, and the latest round in 2022–2023. The EHM collects data to analyze the relationships among time-use patterns and eating patterns, nutrition, and obesity; food and nutrition assistance programs; and grocery shopping and meal preparation.

One of the missions of USDA, ERS is to enhance the understanding of economic issues related to the nutrition and health of the U.S. population. Data collection and research on eating patterns, Body Mass Index (BMI), food and nutrition assistance program participation, income eligibility for program participation, grocery shopping, and meal preparation all contribute to this goal. Specifically, the economic analysis of decisions made under constraints—in this case, time—provides insight for both policies and programs because the decisions individuals make on how to use their daily 24 hours have short- and long-term implications for income and earnings, health, and other aspects of well-being.

Data

The 2022–2023 EHM asks ATUS respondents about secondary eating—that is eating while doing another activity considered primary by the respondent—height and weight, physical activity, self-assessed diet quality and health status, USDA food assistance program participation, income, grocery shopping, and meal preparation. Select summary tables are available below and full data from the EHM are available on the BLS website. Future updates are subject to data availability.

See: American Time Use Survey: 2022–2023 Eating & Health Module Questionnaire.

See: Documentation for more information and previous versions.

Data Set	Last Updated	Next Update
Eating and Health Module
2023
Table 1: Average minutes per day spent in and percent of U.S. civilian population age 15 and older and age 18 and older engaged in eating and drinking, associated activities, and secondary eating on an average day in 2023	10/31/2024
Table 2: Average minutes per day spent in and percent of U.S. civilian population engaged in eating and drinking, associated activities, and secondary eating on an average day in 2023, by various subgroups	10/31/2024
Table 3: Usual grocery shopper and usual meal preparer in the household, on an average day in 2023	10/31/2024
Table 4: Fast food purchases (number of times) over previous 7 days, on an average day in 2023, for U.S. civilian population who purchased fast food in the previous week	10/31/2024
Table 5: Average minutes per day spent in selected activities by how much of the grocery shopping the interviewee is responsible for, on an average day in 2023, age 18 and older	10/31/2024
Table 6: Average minutes per day spent in selected activities by how much of the meal preparation the interviewee is responsible for, on an average day in 2023, age 18 and older	10/31/2024
Table 7: Average minutes per day spent in selected food-related and other activities, on an average day in 2023, age 18 and older	10/31/2024
Table 8: Average minutes per day spent in selected food-related and other activities, on an average day in 2023, age 20 and older	10/31/2024
2022
Table 1: Time spent in and percent of U.S. civilian population engaged in eating and drinking, associated activities, and secondary eating on an average day in 2022, age 15 and older and age 18 and older	11/6/2023
Table 2: Time spent in and percent of U.S. civilian population engaged in eating and drinking, associated activities, and secondary eating on an average day in 2022, by various subgroups	11/6/2023
Table 3: Usual grocery shopper and usual meal preparer in the household, on an average day in 2022	11/6/2023
Table 4: Fast food purchases (number of times) over previous 7 days, on an average day in 2022, for U.S. civilian population who purchased fast food in the previous week	8/28/2024
Table 5: Average time spent in selected activities by how much of the grocery shopping the interviewee is responsible for, on an average day in 2022, age 18 and older	11/6/2023
Table 6: Average time spent in selected activities by how much of the meal preparation the interviewee is responsible for, on an average day in 2022, age 18 and older	11/6/2023
Table 7: Average minutes per day spent in selected food-related and other activities, on an average day in 2022, age 18 and older	11/6/2023
Table 8: Average minutes per day spent in selected food-related and other activities, on an average day in 2022, age 20 and older	11/6/2023
Archived Data Tables
2016 Eating and Health Module Tables	11/6/2023
2015 Eating and Health Module Tables	11/6/2023
2014 Eating and Health Module Tables	11/6/2023
2008 Eating and Health Module Tables	11/6/2023
2007 Eating and Health Module Tables	11/6/2023
2006 Eating and Health Module Tables	11/6/2023