ERS Charts of Note
Subscribe to our Charts of Note series, which highlights economic research and analysis on agriculture, food, the environment, and rural America. Each week, this series highlights charts of interest from current and past ERS research.
At the end of the year, users can look forward to our Editors’ Picks of the Best of Charts of Note.
Thursday, December 12, 2024
Olive oil’s popularity in the United States has increased since the 1990s, along with rising consumer awareness of its nutrition attributes and unique flavor and taste. U.S. consumption grew from 28,000 metric tons in the early 1970s to more than 400,000 metric tons in the 2020s. Global olive oil consumption also has grown over this 50-year period, and the United States accounts for more than 15 percent of global consumption. Because U.S. production represents less than 2 percent of U.S. olive oil consumption, imports help meet domestic demand. U.S. olive oil imports largely come from the European Union (EU), particularly the leading olive oil-producing countries of Spain, Italy, and Greece. Recent droughts affected the 2022/23 and 2023/24 EU olive crops, and global olive oil production fell almost 30 percent over those 2 marketing years. Lower global production and the depletion of stocks drove prices to record highs. With limited EU supplies, the United States sourced olive oil from Turkey and Argentina, among other countries. In 2024/25, global olive oil production is forecast to rebound, which is expected to decrease prices and boost consumption. This chart is drawn from USDA, Economic Research Service’s Oil Crops Outlook, published in November 2024.
Wednesday, December 11, 2024
In 2023, 26.1 cents of a typical dollar spent on domestically produced food went to wholesale trade (11.4 cents) and retail trade (14.7 cents) establishments such as grocery stores, wholesale clubs, restaurant supply stores, and other food distribution outlets. The wholesale trade and retail trade shares decreased 0.1 cent and 0.3 cent, respectively, from 2022, according to the USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS) Food Dollar Series. Even so, both shares—which reached their highest values in 2020—remained above their series averages of 10.6 cents for wholesale trade and 13.9 cents for retail trade, which stretch back to 1993. Industry groups add value to the inputs they buy from other industry groups and sell the resulting product at higher prices. For instance, wholesale and retail establishments acquire food from manufacturers and sell to customers at prices above their acquisition costs to cover labor and other operating costs. The data for industry group shares of the food dollar are available for 1993 to 2023 in the ERS Food Dollar Series, updated November 18, 2024. The recent updates include primary data source revisions reflecting new benchmark data from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Primary data source revisions can affect the measurement of food production and distribution costs, including margins paid to wholesale and retail establishments.
Tuesday, December 10, 2024
Over the past 20 years, U.S. farms have substantially increased their adoption of precision agriculture, and numerous precision technologies are now widespread. For instance, guidance autosteering systems on tractors, harvesters, and other equipment were used by 52 percent of midsize farms and 70 percent of large-scale crop-producing farms in 2023—up from adoption rates in the single digits in the early 2000s. Yield monitors, yield maps, and soil maps were used on 68 percent of large-scale crop-producing farms. The adoption rates of precision agriculture technologies increase sharply with farm size, with small family farms (those with gross cash farm income (GCFI) of less than $350,000) having the lowest rates of use within each technology category. Among small family farms, the lowest levels of adoption for several technologies were among those in which the principal operator was retired from farming and those with low sales (GCFI less than $150,000). The reported reasons farm operators adopt technologies varied by type, but the most common reasons were to increase yields, save labor time, reduce purchased input costs, reduce operator fatigue, and improve soils or reduce environmental impacts. Labor-saving potential is especially important for technologies such as robotic milking—expensive equipment that automates most or all the labor-intensive steps in the milking process. This chart appears in America’s Farms and Ranches at a Glance, published December 2024.
Monday, December 9, 2024
On an average day in 2023, individuals aged 15 and older exhibit two distinct peak time blocks for primary eating and drinking—between noon and 12:59 p.m. and from 6 to 6:59 p.m. About 3 in 10 individuals engaged in primary eating and drinking during each of these periods. While some people prefer to eat and drink while not doing anything else (primary eating and drinking), others opt for grazing while multitasking (secondary eating). Notably, between 9 a.m. and 8:59 p.m., at least 5 percent of U.S. residents participated in secondary eating each hour in 2023. The top five concurrent activities during secondary eating included watching television and movies, paid work, socializing with others, food and drink preparation, and playing games. Examining the eating patterns of the U.S. population is key to better understanding the determinants of dietary intake and diet-related health status. This data and chart come from the USDA, Economic Research Service’s Eating and Health Module (ATUS) data product, which is part of the nationally representative American Time Use Survey.
Thursday, December 5, 2024
USDA, Economic Research Service defines agritourism as on-farm services for recreation (such as hunting or fishing), hospitality (such as overnight accommodations), or entertainment (such as festivals or petting zoos). It can provide farmers a way to increase income, create teaching opportunities, and develop relationships with the local community. In 2022, U.S. farms and ranches generated $1.26 billion in income from agritourism services, an increase of 12.4 percent from 2017 after adjusting for inflation, according to data obtained from USDA’s 2022 Census of Agriculture. About 57 percent of counties reported agritourism income, with the median county income at $161,000. The 50 counties with the most income from agritourism were spread across 23 States. Eight of those counties were in Texas, and California, Colorado, and Hawaii each had four. Those top agritourism counties accounted for $352 million of agritourism income, or more than a quarter of the U.S. total. ERS researchers have shown that farms in more populated counties tend to earn more agritourism income, as well as those specializing in certain types of crop or livestock production (specifically grapes, fruit and tree nuts, and specialty livestock) and those in or near counties with abundant natural amenities. For more details from the 2022 Census of Agriculture, see the USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service’s Census of Agriculture website.
Wednesday, December 4, 2024
Christmas trees are grown commercially on farms in all 50 States on about 16,000 U.S. tree farms. Data from the Census of Agriculture show that in 2022, the United States cut more than 14.5 million Christmas trees. Although Christmas tree farms span the country, more than half the trees cut in 2022 were grown in two States, Oregon and North Carolina, where growing conditions favor production of the most popular species of Christmas trees, including Noble, Douglas, and Fraser firs. Michigan and Washington are also notable Christmas tree-growing States, as are Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Virginia. With prolonged drought affecting many of these production regions, about 550,000 fewer trees were cut in 2022 than during the previous agricultural census in 2017. With higher value of sales in 2022, however, U.S. Christmas tree growers sold $553 million in cut Christmas trees compared with $377 million in 2017. The United States also imported more than 3 million Christmas trees in 2022. This chart was drawn from the USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service’s 2022 Census of Agriculture. For more on holiday plant imports, see this USDA, Economic Research Service Chart of Note.
Tuesday, December 3, 2024
USDA’s Economic Research Service forecasts inflation-adjusted U.S. net cash farm income (NCFI), defined as gross cash income minus cash expenses, to decrease by $5.7 billion (3.5 percent) to $158.8 billion in 2024. This would come after NCFI decreased $58.3 billion (26.2 percent) in 2023 from an all-time high of $222.9 billion in 2022. U.S. net farm income (NFI) is forecast to decrease by $9.5 billion (6.3 percent) to $140.7 billion in 2024. This reduction follows a drop in NFI of $42.8 billion (22.2 percent) in 2023 from an all-time high of $193.1 billion in 2022 (after adjusting for inflation). Net farm income is a broader measure of farm sector profitability that incorporates noncash items, including changes in inventories, economic depreciation, and gross imputed rental income. Despite these successive declines, if forecasts are realized, NCFI and NFI would remain above their 2004–23 averages in 2024. Among the drivers of decline in these income forecasts, cash receipts for farm commodities are projected to fall by $16.6 billion (3.1 percent) to $516.9 billion in 2024, primarily because of lower crop receipts. However, over the same period, a $19.2 billion (4.1 percent) reduction in production expenses is expected to moderate the overall decline. Find additional information and analysis on the USDA, Economic Research Service Farm Sector Income and Finances topic page reflecting data released December 3, 2024.
Monday, December 2, 2024
In 2023, the amount of caloric sweeteners available for consumption in the United States was about 20 percent less than in 1999, falling to 123.5 pounds per person from 153.6 pounds. Caloric sweeteners provide energy in the form of carbohydrates and include refined cane and beet sugars, corn sweeteners, and honey and edible syrups. According to the USDA, Economic Research Service’s (ERS) Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System, a reduction in the availability of total corn sweeteners (high-fructose corn syrup, glucose syrup, and dextrose) contributed to the drop. The availability of corn sweeteners fell from a peak of 85.7 pounds per person in 1999 to 53.0 pounds in 2023. Shifting preferences among consumers and food manufacturers, rising corn prices, and competition with refined cane and beet sugars and other caloric sweeteners have contributed to this decline. The availability of refined cane and beet sugars fell from 102.3 pounds per person in 1972 to 60.0 pounds in 1986 and remained relatively flat for the next two and a half decades. Refined sugar availability began to rise in 2010, surpassing corn sweeteners in 2011 and reaching 68.4 pounds per person in 2023. Honey availability stood at 1.3 pounds per person and availability of edible syrups was 0.8 pounds per person in 2023. This chart is from the ERS Ag and Food Statistics: Charting the Essentials data product, updated in November 2024.
Wednesday, November 27, 2024
U.S. consumers baking a homemade apple pie for Thanksgiving this year can expect to pay about $8.80 for the ingredients, an increase of 8.0 percent from 2023. Higher prices for sugar, eggs, butter, and apples led to a $0.65 increase in the cost of a pie between 2023 and 2024. The price of the main ingredient, Granny Smith apples, increased by 5.0 percent to $1.48 per pound in October 2024 from $1.41 per pound in October 2023. Prices increased the most for eggs (60.0 percent), followed by butter (8.6 percent), between October 2023 and October 2024. The costs contributed by lemons and flour were the same in October 2024 as October 2023. If serving the apple pie à la mode, ice cream adds an additional $0.39 per scoop, an increase of $0.01 from last year. The most recent average price data are from October, meaning prices for Thanksgiving week may vary. For example, savings may occur if grocers offer holiday discounts. USDA, Economic Research Service tracks aggregate food category prices and publishes price forecasts in the monthly Food Price Outlook data product, updated on November 25, 2024.
Tuesday, November 26, 2024
USDA forecasts 2024 turkey production at 5.1 billion pounds, a decrease of 6 percent from 2023 and a 12-percent decrease from 2019. From 2019 to 2022, increasing wholesale prices drove up the value of production (a product of quantity and price). Production values peaked in 2022, when highly pathogenic avian influenza depleted turkey supplies, and the annual average wholesale price jumped by $0.32 per pound. These factors supported a 20-percent increase in the value of production in 2022. In 2023, production increased nearly 5 percent, the wholesale price dropped, and the total value of production fell about 8 percent from 2022. In 2024, the projected average wholesale price for whole frozen hens in 2024 is $0.94 per pound, a decrease of $0.46 cents from 2023. Market indicators suggest that consumer demand for turkey has declined, with per capita consumption of turkey meat falling a projected 13 percent between 2019 and 2024. This chart draws from Turkey Sector: Background & Statistics, published by USDA’s Economic Research Service.
Monday, November 25, 2024
Land-use varies widely across the United States—reflecting differences in soil, climate, topography, and general economic activity. Cropland is largely concentrated in the central regions of the contiguous United States, making up the majority of land in the Northern Plains and Corn Belt (51 percent and 54 percent, respectively). Shares of cropland in the Southern Plains (19 percent), Lake States (32 percent), and Delta States (20 percent) regions are also above the national average. Grassland pasture and range are concentrated in the Mountain and Southern Plains regions, where they account for about 60 percent and 58 percent, respectively. Forest-use land is most prevalent in the Northeast, Appalachia, Southeast, and Delta States—which have most of their land (between 57 and 60 percent) in forest uses. However, in terms of total acreage, most forest-use land is located in Alaska (92 million acres) and the Mountain region (97 million acres). Special-use land, most of which is devoted to rural parks and wilderness areas, is largely concentrated in Alaska and the Mountain and Pacific regions, where there are larger amounts of public lands. The Northeast (12 percent) and Southeast (10 percent) regions have the highest relative areas devoted to urban uses. This chart appears in the USDA, Economic Research Service report Major Uses of Land in the United States, 2017, released in September 2024.
Thursday, November 21, 2024
The United States produces about two-thirds of the world’s cranberries, based on 2018–22 data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. In 2023, the United States exported $343.1 million of cranberries. Adjusting for inflation, the value of U.S. cranberry exports was 2 percent lower than 2022 and $85.9 million lower than the 2018 high. Processed cranberry products, like cranberry sauce or juice, make up about 95 percent of the value of all U.S. cranberry exports. These processed cranberry products were largely destined for Canada, Mexico, China, and the Netherlands. Prepared or preserved cranberry exports, valued at $267.6 million, accounted for 78 percent of cranberry export value. Meanwhile, cranberry juice exports were valued at $57.1 million. The United States also imports cranberries, with almost all imported cranberries and cranberry products entering from Canada. In 2023, the United States imported $194.5 million of cranberries, up from the inflation-adjusted low of $111.7 million in 2019. While processed cranberry products are imported throughout the year, fresh cranberry trade is highly seasonal, with volumes spiking in autumn ahead of the holiday season. This chart is based on the USDA, Economic Research Service Fruit and Tree Nuts Outlook Report, released September 2024.
Wednesday, November 20, 2024
Chemical fertilizers have undergone significant changes in the composition and concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash over time. These quality changes mean that current fertilizers can be more effective than past ones, making it difficult to calculate the productivity of the agricultural sector from year to year. To accurately account for the role of fertilizer in agricultural productivity, USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS) researchers adjust for the changes in composition and concentration of fertilizer. They find that farmers used 2 times more fertilizer in 2021 than in 1948 when unadjusted for quality, and 2.5 times more fertilizer once adjusted for quality. The trend of increased fertilizer use for both unadjusted and adjusted quality can be partially explained by relative price changes between fertilizer and other inputs, which prompted producers to increase fertilizer use compared with other inputs, such as land and labor. For more on U.S. agricultural productivity trends, see the ERS topic page Agricultural Research and Productivity and the ERS data product Agricultural Productivity in the United States. This chart updates data appearing in the ERS report Measurement of Output, Inputs, and Total Factor Productivity in U.S. Agricultural Productivity Accounts, published in August 2024.
Tuesday, November 19, 2024
Households spend more money on food as their incomes rise, but the amount spent represents a smaller share of their overall budgets. U.S. households were divided into five equal groups, or quintiles, by household income. Households in the lowest income quintile had an average after-tax income of $16,171 and spent an average of $5,278 on food (about $102 a week) in 2023, which amounted to 32.6 percent of their income. Households in the middle income quintile had an after-tax income of $66,606 and spent an average of $8,989 on food (about $173 a week), representing 13.5 percent of their income. Households in the highest income quintile, with an average after-tax income of $211,042, spent an average of $16,996 on food (about $327 a week) in 2023. The share of income spent on food for that group was much smaller at 8.1 percent. As households gain more disposable income, they often shift to more expensive food options, including dining out. Food spending as a share of income rose across all income quintiles in 2023, as food prices increased faster than the overall inflation rate of 4.1 percent. Total food prices increased 5.8 percent in 2023, and food-at-home (grocery) prices increased 5.0 percent. However, despite higher-than-average food price increases from 2020–23, households’ share of income spent on food in 2023 was lower than in 2019 for the lowest three income quintiles and slightly higher for the highest two income quintiles. This chart appears in the Food Prices and Spending section of the USDA, Economic Research Service’s Ag and Food Statistics: Charting the Essentials data product.
Monday, November 18, 2024
U.S. farm establishments received 15.9 cents per dollar spent on domestically produced food in 2023 as compensation for farm commodity production. This amount, called the farm share, is a decrease of 0.1 cent from the 2022 share, which was revised up to 16.0 cents from 14.9 cents. The farm share covers operating expenses as well as input costs from nonfarm establishments. The remaining portion of the food dollar—known as the marketing share—covers post-farm costs such as transporting, processing, and selling food to consumers. The primary data sources for the USDA, Economic Research Service’s (ERS) Food Dollar Series underwent substantial revisions that were incorporated in the latest release. Revisions can affect the measurement of things such as farm commodity inputs to food production in the domestic economy, and this can lead to changes in the previously published farm shares. ERS uses input–output analysis to calculate the farm and marketing shares of a food dollar, which is a dollar constructed to represent all domestic expenditures of U.S. food. The data for this chart can be found in the ERS Food Dollar Series data product, updated November 18, 2024.
Thursday, November 14, 2024
The U.S. organic milk sector has expanded over the past three decades. In response to increased consumer demand for organic milk, producers increased the U.S. organic milk cow inventory from 2,265 cows in 1992 to 352,289 cows in 2021. This growth was paralleled by a rise in farm-level sales of organic milk, which grew by 88 percent from 2008 to 2021. Organic farm milk sales increased as a percentage of all U.S. farm milk sales from 1.5 percent in 2008 to 2.3 percent in 2021. Similarly, the number of organic dairy farms rose from 2008 to 2019, supporting higher production levels. From 2019 to 2021, however, the number of U.S. organic dairy farms selling milk decreased, with increasing milk production capacity offsetting the decline in farms. This chart is drawn from the USDA, Economic Research Service report, U.S. Certified Organic Dairy Production: Three Decades of Growth.
Wednesday, November 13, 2024
The poverty rate for rural children under 5 years old was the highest of any age group in both rural and urban areas, standing at 20.9 percent. The poverty status of children is based on their family’s total income, so it is typically correlated with labor force characteristics of the parent(s). Young adults often have low levels of education, may be enrolled in school, and may be early in their career or have limited time in the workforce, which may restrict their ability as parents to earn enough to be above the poverty level. In addition, workers in many rural areas face limited job opportunities and lower wages relative to urban areas. Single parenthood (only one potential earner) and lack of childcare can also inhibit parental engagement in the labor force. The poverty rate—the portion of the population living below the official poverty level—for the rural population in general was 13.6 percent (about 6 million people) in 2023 compared with 10.7 percent for the urban population. About 46 million people lived in rural counties in 2023, roughly 14 percent of the U.S. population. This figure appears in Rural America at a Glance: 2024 Edition, published in November 2024.
Tuesday, November 12, 2024
In 2023, households that included an adult with disabilities reported higher food insecurity rates than households with no adults with disabilities. Food-insecure households are those that had difficulty at some time during the year providing enough food for all their members because of a lack of resources. In 2023, 33.9 percent of U.S. households that included an adult out of the labor force because of a disability were food insecure (low and very low food security). Among U.S. households with an adult age 18–64 who reported a disability but was not out of the labor force because of it, 28.3 percent were food insecure. In contrast, 10.5 percent of households without an adult with disabilities were food insecure in 2023. Households that include at least one adult 65 and over who reported a disability had a food insecurity prevalence rate of 11.1 percent. Very low food security, the more severe form of food insecurity in which normal eating patterns were disrupted and the food intake of some household members was reduced, was also higher for households that included adults with disabilities. In 2023, the prevalence of very low food security for households that included adults not in the labor force because of a disability was more than four times that of households without an adult with disabilities (16.4 percent compared with 3.4 percent of households). Households that include adults ages 18–64 with a disability, but not out of the labor force because of the disability, also experienced higher prevalence rates of very low food insecurity at 13.5 percent. This chart appears in USDA, Economic Research Service’s Interactive Charts and Highlights page.
Thursday, November 7, 2024
In 2023, U.S. consumers spent an average of 11.2 percent of their disposable personal income on food, consistent with the level observed in 2022. Disposable personal income is the amount of money that U.S. consumers have left to spend or save after paying taxes. Consumer preferences between food-at-home and food-away-from-home spending shifted over time and have returned to trends observed before the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Specifically, 5.3 percent of disposable personal income was spent on food at home, down from 5.6 percent in 2022. Conversely, expenditures on food away from home rose to 5.9 percent from 5.6 percent the previous year. This shows a growing consumer preference for dining out and buying prepared meals. Several factors may contribute to this shift, including lifestyle changes that emerged after the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, more desire for convenience in meal options, and an increase in disposable personal income, which rose by 8.1 percent in 2023. An increase in disposable personal income provides consumers with greater financial flexibility, allowing more dining experiences outside the home. The chart is drawn from USDA, Economic Research Service’s Food Expenditure Series data product, Ag and Food Statistics: Charting the Essentials, the recently updated Interactive Charts: Food Expenditures and the Amber Waves article U.S. Consumers Increased Spending on Food Away From Home in 2023, Driving Overall Food Spending Growth.
Wednesday, November 6, 2024
The 2022 Census of Agriculture shows that around 84,000 farms operated by a producer with military service engage in cattle farming (29 percent), making it the most common commodity specialization among those with military service. It is followed closely by “other crop farming” with 79,000 operations (27 percent). “Other animal production” ranks third with approximately 59,000 farms, while operations specializing in “oilseed and grain” and “specialty crops” are less common, with around 37,000 and 30,000 farms respectively. In 2022, there were 289,372 farms operated by at least one producer with current or prior military service, which represents about 15 percent of all farm operations. These farms were mostly small, with an average farm size of 373 acres, compared with the overall U.S. average farm size of 463 acres. Information about farm businesses can be found in the USDA, Economic Research Service report America’s Farms and Ranches at a Glance, 2023 edition.