Racial and Social Equity Research Resources
ERS research related to racial and social equity primarily occurs in two major program areas:
- Food access, food security, and nutrition assistance, and
- Rural and farm income related research.
The following are ERS resources, publications and research related to both program areas.
Food Access, Food Security, and Nutrition Assistance
ERS has a robust research program related to food access, food security, and nutrition assistance that examines disparities and can inform policies and programs targeting equity concerns. Some of ERS’ research tracks or monitors equity-related issues, like trends and disparities in food insecurity. Other research aims to identify the impacts of USDA’s programs and policies across households and individuals to address equity-related questions.
Food Access
Food Access Research Atlas (FARA)
Provides information on a neighborhood or community’s access to food stores that offer a variety of healthy and affordable food. Users can map census tracts in the United States by their income status and food store accessibility. Users may also download data to analyze food access by State, county, and additional demographic information such as race and ethnicity.
Food Security
Household Food Security in the United States in 2023
USDA monitors the extent and severity of food insecurity in U.S. households through an annual, nationally representative survey sponsored and analyzed by USDA’s Economic Research Service. This report presents statistics from the survey that cover household food security, food expenditures, and use of Federal nutrition assistance programs in 2023. The report includes statistics on food security by demographic characteristics including household composition, race/ethnicity, and income.
Household Food Insecurity Across Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 2016–21
This report is an extension of information provided annually by USDA, Economic Research Service on food insecurity across four racial and ethnic groups: White, non-Hispanic; Black, non-Hispanic; Hispanic; and other, non-Hispanic. This study includes American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, and multiracial groups—including individuals identifying as both American Indian and White, individuals identifying as both Black and White, and other multiracial combinations.
Comparing Food Insecurity Among the U.S. Military and Civilian Adult Populations
Food security—defined as access at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life—is associated with cognitive function, body mass index, and intentions to stay in the military. Therefore, monitoring food security is paramount to maintaining military readiness. No analyses have been conducted to date on the prevalence of food insecurity for a representative sample of the active duty U.S. military. Studies of individual military installations, however, have demonstrated food insecurity rates between 15 percent and 33 percent. The primary objective of this analysis was to compare a representative sample of active duty U.S. military service members (military population) to civilian adults (civilian adult population), adjusted by demographic variables associated with food insecurity that are available in both datasets.
International Food Security Assessment, 2024-34
This report presents results from ERS’s International Food Security Assessment (IFSA) analysis utilizing information on domestic prices and consumer responsiveness to changes in prices and incomes for 83 low- and middle-income countries.
The dataset from the annual International Food Security Assessment report includes regional and sub-regional level data for the demand for grains (food and non-food), grain production, and the implied additional grain supply requirement (IASR) for the current year and 10-years out.
Nutrition security is an emerging topic in Federal food assistance and nutrition policy discussions. It encompasses several aspects of nutrition—including acquisition, consumption, and education. Nutrition security and food security are closely linked. This page provides links to selected ERS resources on this topic. Many of these studies focus on equity-related outcomes, or special populations of concern for discussions of equity.
Food Security Publications & Research
This page lists ERS publications and research related to food security.
This page provides interactive charts on various aspects of food security including demographic characteristics, education, employment, and disability status.
Nutrition Assistance
The Food and Nutrition Assistance Landscape: Fiscal Year 2023 Annual Report
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers 16 domestic food and nutrition assistance programs that affect the lives of millions of people and account for roughly two-thirds of USDA’s annual budget. This report uses preliminary data from USDA, Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) to examine program trends and policy changes in USDA’s largest domestic food and nutrition assistance programs through FY 2023. It also summarizes two 2023 USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS) reports including one that examines the prevalence of household food insecurity in the United States in 2022 and another that documents the share of households with school-aged children reporting difficulty paying for expenses after pandemic waivers allowing schools to serve free meals expired in 2022.
Additional Nutrition Assistance Publications & Research
USDA’s domestic food and nutrition assistance programs aim to improve equity outcomes by providing millions of low-income individuals access to safe, healthy, and nutritious foods. As the primary source for economic studies of USDA’s food and nutrition assistance programs, ERS research has shown that:
- School meal foods improve diet quality for food-insecure school children and participation in USDA’s National School Lunch Program reduces food insecurity.
- One-Third of households with children paying for school meals reported that doing so contributed to financial hardship.
- Increases in SNAP benefit amounts reduce food insecurity. SNAP also contributes to the health of local economies, especially rural economies, during economic downturns.
- WIC improves nutrition and dietary intake among participating children, and increased breastfeeding rates among WIC participants would lead to improvements in morbidity and mortality.
These policy datasets provide insight into the variation of food and nutrition assistance program policies among states that could impact equity in program access and program outcomes.
Models and measures developed by ERS researchers, such as the SNAP multiplier and the SNAP Policy Index Interactive Tool, and investments in data and collaborative research programs help to quantify the impact of USDA’s food and nutrition assistance programs on outcomes related to equity.
Rural and Farm Income Related Research
Farm Household Well-being
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognizes several groups of farmers who have been historically underserved by USDA and operates several programs and policies targeting these groups. Yet, there is limited information about the current financial health of the farms these producers operate, their credit and agricultural program use, which inhibits the measurement of progress toward more equitable outcomes. This report provides an overview of the financial characteristics of the farms operated by socially disadvantaged (individuals identifying as Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Hispanic or Latino, and Asian or Pacific Islander), women, and limited resource producers (farms with low sales and low household income), using data from the 2017-20 annual Agricultural Resource Management Survey.
An Analysis of the Effect of Sunsetting Tax Provisions for Family Farm Households
Two recent laws enacted temporary provisions to the Federal tax code: the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) and the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA). The authors of this report assess the impact of these sunsetting tax provisions on tax liabilities for farm households. Using data from the USDA, Agricultural Resource Management Survey (2018–21) and the USDA, Economic Research Service’s Federal income tax and estate tax models, the authors estimate that the expiration of the temporary provisions of the ARPA and TCJA would increase farm households’ Federal income tax liabilities by $8.9 billion and estate tax liabilities by $647 million in the year following expiration.
ERS researchers found that farms operated by African Americans tended to have lower profits and receive lower Government payments compared with other producers. Smaller farm sizes and commodity choices were key factors in these farms’ financial outcomes.
Rural Health
Rural America at a Glance, 2021 Edition
ERS research has contributed to a deeper understanding of the extent and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic in the rural U.S. Both the 2020 and 2021 editions of Rural America at a Glance focused on pandemic trends and their effect on health and economic well-being. According to the latest report, nonmetro persistently poor counties led the nation with cumulative COVID-19 cases per 100,000 residents starting in late September 2020.
The Most Rural Counties Have the Fewest Health Care Services Available
Access to health care depends on the three pillars of affordability, availability, and willingness to seek care. USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS) researchers compared the availability of health care based on a county’s degree of urbanization. They found that during 2017–19 residents of the most rural counties may have had more difficulty finding and using health care services than residents living in metropolitan areas or more rural counties with population hubs. The most rural counties had fewer health care facilities and were more likely to have health professional shortage areas where there are too few practitioners to provide adequate care for area residents, the research showed.
Health Care Access Among Self-Employed Workers in Nonmetropolitan Counties
ERS research has helped to understand health care access for self-employed individuals, their families, and their households in nonmetropolitan counties. According to the report findings, health insurance coverage rates and sources differ more by age and whether workers are self-employed than by whether they live in a metro or nonmetro location.
Rural Broadband
Three USDA Rural Broadband Programs: Areas and Populations Served
Addressing the uneven access to broadband—often called the digital divide—between rural and urban areas and across demographic and socioeconomic groups is a high priority for the U.S. Government. This study addresses this information gap, focusing on the areas and populations served by three USDA broadband programs—the Broadband Initiatives Program (BIP), the Community Connect Grant Program, and the ReConnect Program.
Rural America at a Glance, 2021
In addition to equity-related analyses of rural well-being, ERS also tracks trends in rural economic growth and the factors associated with growth such as infrastructure development. For example, as reported in Rural America at a Glance, 2021, only 63% of rural residents in persistent poverty counties had moderate- or high-speed broadband available in their census blocks, compared to 90% of all U.S. residents. Persistently poor counties in the Deep South and Southwest had particularly low internet availability.
Rural Poverty & Other Indicators of Well Being
America's Farms and Ranches at a Glance: 2023 Edition
American farms represent a diverse set of business operations and farm operators. America's Farms and Ranches at a Glance: 2023 Edition explores the differences in farm operations in 2022 by race and ethnicity of the operators. This section compares farm structure, financial stress, principal operator household well-being, credit usage, average Government payments received, and participation in Federal crop insurance between socially disadvantaged and nondisadvantaged operations.
Socially Disadvantaged, Beginning, Limited Resource, and Female Farmers and Ranchers
Since the 1990s, beginning, socially disadvantaged, and limited resource farmers and ranchers in the United States have been eligible to receive benefits from a variety of Farm Act programs. ERS research examines the characteristics of these targeted farm operators, the farms they operate, and their households; their participation in agricultural commodity, conservation, or loan programs; and related topics, such as the number and characteristics of female farm operators.
Access to Farmland by Beginning and Socially Disadvantaged Farmers: Issues and Opportunities
The aging of the population of U.S. farmers, increasing concentration of farmland ownership, and competition for land from urban and environmental uses may have implications for land available for beginning or socially disadvantaged (SDA) producers. Beginning and SDA producers may have fewer financial resources or face other constraints when buying or otherwise accessing land to enter farming or expand their farm operation. This report examines factors influencing land access to beginning and SDA farmers using survey, census, and administrative data.
Rural America at a Glance, 2022 Edition
ERS monitors and reports on key well-being indicators in Rural America, including poverty and income, employment and earnings, education, and health. Rural America at a Glance is the agency’s flagship annual report on long-term socioeconomic trends as well as emerging issues. The most recent edition of Rural America, published in November 2022, focused on population trends, the changing structure of economic sectors, the labor force, and job growth in rural areas.
Rural Poverty Has Distinct Regional and Racial Patterns
Researchers at ERS have developed a rich array of county-based economic and policy typologies for statistical and program purposes. One of the most widely used types is the designation of persistent poverty, defined as a poverty rate exceeding 20 percent over the past 30 years. Persistently poor counties are overwhelmingly rural and geographically clustered; these clusters are further identified by concentrations of specific racial and ethnic groups. This Amber Waves article updates ongoing analysis of these geographic/racial patterns.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Educational Attainment
Recent research on racial and ethnic disparities in educational attainment shows that in rural areas of the country, ethnic and racial disparities persist in education, according to data from the decennial Census and the American Community Survey. The research shows that Hispanic, Black, and American Indian/Alaskan native groups continue to have lower rates of educational attainment than Whites.
USDA Resources